{ "schemaVersion": 2, "language": "all", "license": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", "rightsNote": "License covers original project text only; third-party documents retain their own rights.", "entries": [ { "id": "surrender-announcement-and-signing", "collection": "claims", "title": "日本在1945年8月15日签署了正式降书吗？", "path": "/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/", "translationKey": "claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing", "summary": "不是。8月15日对应投降消息的公布与传播；日本代表正式签署降书的日期是1945年9月2日。两个日期记录不同环节。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "关岛日军战俘听到裕仁投降广播后的照片", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C42914", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "naval-historical-collection-guam-pow-photo-P00444.098", "locator": "Accession P00444.098; web record C42914; Description: GUAM 1945-08-15; Naval Historical Collection", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "莱城澳军人员阅读日本投降消息特刊的照片", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C71477", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "dh-wilson-lae-victory-newspaper-photo-094950", "locator": "Accession 094950; web record C71477; Maker Wilson, D H; Date made 15 August 1945; Description", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Surrender of Japan (1945) — Instrument of Surrender", "url": "https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan", "publisher": "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration", "independenceKey": "japanese-instrument-of-surrender-1945-09-02", "locator": "NAID 1752336; Record Group 218, Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff; instrument pp. 1–2; web Transcript paragraphs 1–3 and signature blocks", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Tokyo surrender", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F01272", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "roy-driver-tokyo-surrender-actuality-film-F01272", "locator": "Accession F01272; Maker Driver, Roy; Date made 2 September 1945; Description opening sentence; film duration 7 min 46 sec (catalogue only, no verified timecode)", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "zh-CN" ], "claim": "日本在1945年8月15日签署了正式降书吗？", "claimContext": "本项目编辑拟定的日期辨析题，不归属于特定人物或媒体，也不据此判断该说法的流传程度。", "verdict": "false", "body": "## 判定依据\n\n关岛战俘照片的馆藏说明将场景记为1945年8月15日听到裕仁投降广播之后；同日莱城的另一幅照片记录澳军人员阅读投降消息特刊。两件记录支持消息在当天传播，不是正式降书签署的证据。[出处1](#source-1)、[出处2](#source-2)\n\n美国国家档案馆公开降书的签署栏注明9月2日；独立现场影片的馆藏说明也将签署记为这一天。[出处3](#source-3)、[出处4](#source-4)\n\n## 核查边界\n\n本题只核对“正式降书签署日期”。本文未听辨8月广播原音，不引用广播原句或精确播出时刻；两地照片的含义依据馆方说明。不同战区的具体受降与停止作战进程不在本题范围内。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/" }, { "id": "en/surrender-announcement-and-signing", "collection": "claims", "title": "Did Japan sign the formal Instrument of Surrender on 15 August 1945?", "path": "/en/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/", "translationKey": "claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing", "summary": "No. 15 August marks the announcement and spread of surrender news. Japanese representatives signed the formal Instrument of Surrender on 2 September 1945. The dates refer to different stages.", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "Photograph of Japanese prisoners on Guam after hearing Hirohito’s surrender broadcast (descriptive title)", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C42914", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "naval-historical-collection-guam-pow-photo-P00444.098", "locator": "Accession P00444.098; web record C42914; Description: GUAM 1945-08-15; Naval Historical Collection", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Photograph of Australian servicemen at Lae reading a special edition announcing Japan’s surrender (descriptive title)", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C71477", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "dh-wilson-lae-victory-newspaper-photo-094950", "locator": "Accession 094950; web record C71477; Maker Wilson, D H; Date made 15 August 1945; Description", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Surrender of Japan (1945) — Instrument of Surrender", "url": "https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan", "publisher": "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration", "independenceKey": "japanese-instrument-of-surrender-1945-09-02", "locator": "NAID 1752336; Record Group 218, Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff; instrument pp. 1–2; web Transcript paragraphs 1–3 and signature blocks", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Tokyo surrender", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F01272", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "roy-driver-tokyo-surrender-actuality-film-F01272", "locator": "Accession F01272; Maker Driver, Roy; Date made 2 September 1945; Description opening sentence; film duration 7 min 46 sec (catalogue only, no verified timecode)", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "en" ], "translationOf": "surrender-announcement-and-signing", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "claim": "Did Japan sign the formal Instrument of Surrender on 15 August 1945?", "claimContext": "An editorially composed question distinguishing dates. It is not attributed to a particular person or outlet, nor used to assess how widely the claim circulated.", "verdict": "false", "body": "## Basis for the verdict\n\nA Guam prisoner-of-war photograph is catalogued as showing the aftermath of Hirohito’s surrender broadcast on 15 August 1945. A separate photograph at Lae records personnel reading a surrender-news special edition that day. These records support the circulation of the news, not the signing of the formal instrument. [Source 1](#source-1), [Source 2](#source-2)\n\nThe signature block in the instrument published by the U.S. National Archives gives 2 September. A separate film catalogue likewise dates the signing to that day. [Source 3](#source-3), [Source 4](#source-4)\n\n## Scope of this check\n\nThis question concerns only the date of signing the formal instrument. The August broadcast audio was not checked, and no broadcast quotations or precise transmission times are given. The interpretation of the two photographs relies on museum descriptions. Individual theatres’ surrender arrangements and the cessation of fighting lie outside this check.", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/en/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/" }, { "id": "en/japan-surrender-1945", "collection": "facts", "title": "2 September 1945: Japan signs the Instrument of Surrender", "path": "/en/facts/japan-surrender-1945/", "translationKey": "facts/japan-surrender-1945", "summary": "On 2 September 1945, Japanese representatives signed the Instrument of Surrender aboard USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. The formal signing must be distinguished from the surrender announcement on 15 August.", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "Surrender of Japan (1945) — Instrument of Surrender", "url": "https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan", "publisher": "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration", "independenceKey": "japanese-instrument-of-surrender-1945-09-02", "locator": "NAID 1752336; Record Group 218, Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff; instrument pp. 1–2; web Transcript paragraphs 1–3 and signature blocks", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Tokyo surrender", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F01272", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "roy-driver-tokyo-surrender-actuality-film-F01272", "locator": "Accession F01272; Maker Driver, Roy; Date made 2 September 1945; Description opening sentence; film duration 7 min 46 sec (catalogue only, no verified timecode)", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "en" ], "translationOf": "japan-surrender-1945", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "category": "event", "regions": [ "Japan · Tokyo Bay" ], "dateStart": "1945-09-02", "body": "## Facts and evidence\n\nThe transcript published by the U.S. National Archives records Mamoru Shigemitsu signing for the Emperor and Japanese government, and Yoshijiro Umezu for Imperial General Headquarters. The instrument accepts the Potsdam Declaration, proclaims the unconditional surrender of the headquarters and all Japanese armed forces and forces under Japanese control, and orders a halt to hostilities. [Source 1](#source-1)\n\nThe Australian War Memorial’s catalogue of Roy Driver’s actuality film dates the signing aboard Missouri to 2 September 1945. This is a separate on-site record from the instrument; this entry checked the film’s catalogue description. [Source 2](#source-2)\n\n## Scope and limitations\n\nThe signing and the announcement are different events; see [15 August and 2 September compared](/en/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/).\nAn order in the document does not establish that every theatre immediately complied. Signing the instrument is not equated with a later peace treaty entering into force. The film was not examined frame by frame, so no verified timecodes or precise signing minutes are provided.", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/en/facts/japan-surrender-1945/" }, { "id": "en/nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "collection": "facts", "title": "The Nanjing Massacre: documentary records of civilian killings and looting", "path": "/en/facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities/", "translationKey": "facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "summary": "Civilian killings and looting followed the Japanese occupation of Nanjing in December 1937. Contemporary documents and the Tokyo tribunal judgment record these acts. This entry examines records, not the total death toll.", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "Nanking Outrages, 10 January 1938", "url": "https://adhoc.yalepages.org/Media/PDFs/Nanking/NMP0113.pdf#page=1", "publisher": "Yale Divinity Library", "independenceKey": "nanking-outrages-1938-01-10-NMP0113", "locator": "NMP0113, PDF p. 1, paragraphs on civilian killings and looting; catalogue RG 10, Box 102, Folder 865; the catalogue and handwritten annotation differ on authorship.", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Judgment, International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Part B, Chapter VIII", "url": "https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/Judgment-IMTFE-Vol-II-PartB-cont/Judgment-IMTFE-Vol-II-PartB-cont.pdf#page=171", "publisher": "Library of Congress (document creator: International Military Tribunal for the Far East)", "independenceKey": "imtfe-judgment-1948-nanking", "locator": "November 1948 judgment, section The Rape of Nanking; printed pp. 1011–1012, PDF pp. 170–171; especially the first and last paragraphs of printed p. 1012.", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "en" ], "translationOf": "nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "category": "dossier", "regions": [ "China · Nanjing" ], "dateStart": "1937-12-13", "body": "## Facts and evidence\n\nNanking Outrages, dated 10 January 1938 and held by Yale Divinity Library, records killings of civilians and looting of homes and shops. Written during the events, it mixes observations, reports from others and estimates; not every incident can be treated as witnessed personally by its author. [Source 1](#source-1)\n\nThe Nanjing section of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East judgment records the Japanese entry into the city on 13 December 1937. Printed page 1012 describes killings of men, women and children and the looting of residential and commercial properties. This is a postwar judicial finding and is identified separately from the contemporary document. [Source 2](#source-2)\n\n## Scope and limitations\n\nThis entry addresses records of civilian killings and looting without adopting the documents’ numerical estimates. The two documents differ in date and purpose, but the judgment may draw on testimony from foreigners in Nanjing; their underlying evidence cannot be assumed to be wholly non-overlapping.\n\nYale’s catalogue places NMP0113 under Bates, while a handwritten attribution on the first scanned page names Lewis C. Smythe. Authorship remains unresolved. This entry identifies the document by title, date and archival reference rather than assigning a definite author. Readers can examine both the catalogue and scan.", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/en/facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities/" }, { "id": "en/singapore-surrender-1942", "collection": "facts", "title": "15 February 1942: the surrender of Singapore’s defenders", "path": "/en/facts/singapore-surrender-1942/", "translationKey": "facts/singapore-surrender-1942", "summary": "On 15 February 1942, Arthur Percival and Tomoyuki Yamashita held surrender negotiations at Singapore’s Ford factory. A contemporary photograph and the surrender table’s provenance record support the event’s date and location.", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "Photograph of Percival and Yamashita at surrender negotiations, Ford Factory, Singapore (descriptive title)", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C218441", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "singapore-ford-surrender-negotiation-photo-127903", "locator": "Accession 127903; web record C218441; Date made 15 February 1942; Description", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Surrender table : Ford Company of Malaya Ltd, Singapore", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RELAWM32783", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "ford-company-singapore-surrender-table-RELAWM32783", "locator": "Accession RELAWM32783; alias web record C149232; Description donation plaque; History / Summary final paragraphs; Ford donation November 1964", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "en" ], "translationOf": "singapore-surrender-1942", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "category": "event", "regions": [ "Singapore" ], "dateStart": "1942-02-15", "body": "## Facts and evidence\n\nThe Australian War Memorial catalogues photograph 127903 as showing Percival unconditionally surrendering British forces on Singapore Island to Yamashita at the Ford factory. It dates the photograph to 15 February 1942. [Source 1](#source-1)\n\nThe Memorial also holds surrender table RELAWM32783. Its record identifies it as the table used for the negotiations and signing, and documents a donation by the Ford company in 1964. [Source 2](#source-2)\n\n## Scope and limitations\n\nThe photograph and furniture are different kinds of evidence, but their dates, participants and use depend on the museum’s descriptions. A table cannot independently establish a date, and descriptions from the same museum may reference one another. This entry checks collection records, not physical authenticity or the full surrender document.\n\nThis was the surrender of Singapore’s defenders to Japanese forces in 1942, not [Japan’s formal surrender to the Allies in 1945](/en/facts/japan-surrender-1945/). No troop, casualty or prisoner totals, or precise ceasefire times, are supplied.", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/en/facts/singapore-surrender-1942/" }, { "id": "en/murayama-statement-1995", "collection": "ledger", "title": "15 August 1995: Tomiichi Murayama’s statement on the war’s fiftieth anniversary", "path": "/en/ledger/murayama-statement-1995/", "translationKey": "ledger/murayama-statement-1995", "summary": "On 15 August 1995, Prime Minister Tomiichi Murayama expressed remorse and apology for the harm caused by Japan’s colonial rule and aggression. This entry records the statement and a later official account.", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "村山内閣総理大臣談話「戦後50周年の終戦記念日にあたって」", "url": "https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/danwa/07/dmu_0815.html", "publisher": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan", "independenceKey": "murayama-official-statement-1995", "locator": "Header date: 15 August 1995 (Heisei 7); fifth body paragraph, beginning わが国は、遠くない過去の一時期.", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "外交部副部长张志军就钓鱼岛问题举行中外媒体吹风会答问实录 [Transcript of Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Zhijun’s media briefing on the Diaoyu Islands; translated title]", "url": "https://www.mfa.gov.cn/wjdt_674879/cfhsl_674891/201210/t20121027_7818140.shtml", "publisher": "Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China", "independenceKey": "prc-mfa-briefing-note-2012-10-27", "locator": "Page dated 27 October 2012; final note [1] on the Murayama statement; a later official account, not a contemporary response from 1995.", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "en" ], "translationOf": "murayama-statement-1995", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "date": "1995-08-15", "actor": "Tomiichi Murayama (Prime Minister of Japan at the time)", "kind": "apology", "body": "## Statement\n\nThe Japanese text preserved by Japan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs is dated 15 August 1995. Its fifth paragraph acknowledges the damage and suffering caused by colonial rule and aggression, particularly to people in Asian countries, and expresses remorse and apology. This is a translation of the project’s Chinese paraphrase, not an official translation of the statement. [Source 1](#source-1)\n\n## Later official account\n\nNote 1 of a briefing transcript published by China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 2012 independently identifies the statement’s date, speaker, remorse and apology. It can be compared with the Japanese text for the statement’s existence and core content, but it is not a contemporary response from 1995. [Source 2](#source-2)\n\n## Scope and limitations\n\nThis entry records the official text and the later account. Original Chinese and South Korean official responses from 1995 have not been verified. Language versions of Japan’s statement count as one source chain. The 2012 Chinese account was produced by another government, but is not a second eyewitness record from 1995.\n\nThe statement’s existence alone does not establish acceptance by victims, completion of compensation or continuity in later policy. This entry draws no conclusions on those questions and does not portray the statement as resolving all historical issues.", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/en/ledger/murayama-statement-1995/" }, { "id": "japan-surrender-1945", "collection": "facts", "title": "1945年9月2日：日本正式签署降书", "path": "/facts/japan-surrender-1945/", "translationKey": "facts/japan-surrender-1945", "summary": "1945年9月2日，日本代表在东京湾的密苏里号上签署降书；这一正式签署事件与8月15日的投降消息公布应分别标注。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "Surrender of Japan (1945) — Instrument of Surrender", "url": "https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan", "publisher": "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration", "independenceKey": "japanese-instrument-of-surrender-1945-09-02", "locator": "NAID 1752336; Record Group 218, Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff; instrument pp. 1–2; web Transcript paragraphs 1–3 and signature blocks", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Tokyo surrender", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F01272", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "roy-driver-tokyo-surrender-actuality-film-F01272", "locator": "Accession F01272; Maker Driver, Roy; Date made 2 September 1945; Description opening sentence; film duration 7 min 46 sec (catalogue only, no verified timecode)", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "zh-CN" ], "category": "event", "regions": [ "日本 · 东京湾" ], "dateStart": "1945-09-02", "body": "## 事实与证据\n\n美国国家档案馆公开的降书转录记载，重光葵代表天皇及日本政府、梅津美治郎代表日本大本营签字。文书接受《波茨坦公告》条款，宣布日本大本营及日本武装力量、受日本控制的武装力量无条件投降，并命令停止敌对行动。[出处1](#source-1)\n\n澳大利亚战争纪念馆收藏的 Roy Driver 现场影片，馆藏说明将签署日期记为1945年9月2日，地点为密苏里号。这是独立于降书文书的现场记录，本条核对的是影片馆藏著录。[出处2](#source-2)\n\n## 范围与限制\n\n正式签署不能与消息公布混写为同一天，参见[8月15日与9月2日辨析](/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/)。\n本文不据文书命令推定所有战区已同时停止行动，也不把签署降书等同于后来和平条约生效。未逐帧核验影片，不提供仪式时间码或精确签署分钟。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/facts/japan-surrender-1945/" }, { "id": "nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "collection": "facts", "title": "南京大屠杀：平民遇害与劫掠的文献记录", "path": "/facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities/", "translationKey": "facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "summary": "日军于1937年12月占领南京后发生了针对平民的杀害与劫掠；同时代文书与远东国际军事法庭判决均有相关记载。本条核对事件记录，不测算遇难总人数。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "Nanking Outrages, 10 January 1938", "url": "https://adhoc.yalepages.org/Media/PDFs/Nanking/NMP0113.pdf#page=1", "publisher": "Yale Divinity Library", "independenceKey": "nanking-outrages-1938-01-10-NMP0113", "locator": "NMP0113，PDF第1页关于平民遇害和劫掠的段落；目录定位 RG 10、Box 102、Folder 865；作者归属有目录与手写批注差异。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Judgment, International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Part B, Chapter VIII", "url": "https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/Judgment-IMTFE-Vol-II-PartB-cont/Judgment-IMTFE-Vol-II-PartB-cont.pdf#page=171", "publisher": "美国国会图书馆（文书形成机构：远东国际军事法庭）", "independenceKey": "imtfe-judgment-1948-nanking", "locator": "1948年11月判决，The Rape of Nanking 小节，纸面第1011—1012页；PDF第170—171页，重点为1012页首段及末段。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "zh-CN" ], "category": "dossier", "regions": [ "中国 · 南京" ], "dateStart": "1937-12-13", "body": "## 事实与证据\n\n耶鲁神学院图书馆保存的1938年1月10日文书《Nanking Outrages》，记载平民遭杀害及城内房屋、商店遭劫掠。该材料形成于事件发生期间；文中同时包含观察、他人报告和估计，不能把全部个案都归为作者亲眼所见。[出处1](#source-1)\n\n远东国际军事法庭判决的南京暴行小节记载，日军于1937年12月13日进入南京；第1012页记述对男女和儿童的杀害，以及对住宅和商业场所的劫掠。这是战后法庭形成的判断，应与同时代文书分别标注。[出处2](#source-2)\n\n## 范围与限制\n\n本文只确认平民遇害与劫掠的文献记录，不采用上述材料中的人数估计。两份文书形成时间与用途不同，但判决可能采纳在宁外国人士的证言，不能据此断言其底层证据完全互不重合。\n\n耶鲁目录将 NMP0113 列在 Bates 项下，而扫描件第1页的手写归属提示为 Lewis C. Smythe。作者归属尚未厘清，因此本文以文献题名、日期和馆藏编号定位，不确定署名。目录定位和扫描件均可继续独立复核。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities/" }, { "id": "singapore-surrender-1942", "collection": "facts", "title": "1942年2月15日：新加坡守军投降", "path": "/facts/singapore-surrender-1942/", "translationKey": "facts/singapore-surrender-1942", "summary": "1942年2月15日，白思华与山下奉文在新加坡福特工厂进行投降交涉；现场照片与馆藏投降桌的来源记录共同支持这一事件的地点与日期。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "新加坡福特工厂白思华与山下奉文投降交涉现场照片", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C218441", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "singapore-ford-surrender-negotiation-photo-127903", "locator": "Accession 127903; web record C218441; Date made 15 February 1942; Description", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Surrender table : Ford Company of Malaya Ltd, Singapore", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RELAWM32783", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "ford-company-singapore-surrender-table-RELAWM32783", "locator": "Accession RELAWM32783; alias web record C149232; Description donation plaque; History / Summary final paragraphs; Ford donation November 1964", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "zh-CN" ], "category": "event", "regions": [ "新加坡" ], "dateStart": "1942-02-15", "body": "## 事实与证据\n\n澳大利亚战争纪念馆的照片127903，将场景著录为白思华在福特工厂向山下奉文无条件交出新加坡岛上英军；照片日期标为1942年2月15日。[出处1](#source-1)\n\n该馆另藏投降桌 RELAWM32783，说明记载该桌用于交涉及降书签署，并记有福特公司于1964年捐赠的来源信息。[出处2](#source-2)\n\n## 范围与限制\n\n影像与家具是两类见证材料，但日期、人物与物品用途均依赖馆方著录；桌子本身不能独立读出事件日期，同馆说明的编写也可能互相参考。本条核对到馆藏记录层级，未进行实物鉴定或核验降书全文。\n\n本事件为1942年新加坡守军向日军投降，不是[1945年日本向盟军正式投降](/facts/japan-surrender-1945/)。本文不列兵力、伤亡或战俘人数，也不推定精确停火时刻。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/facts/singapore-surrender-1942/" }, { "id": "ja/surrender-announcement-and-signing", "collection": "claims", "title": "日本は1945年8月15日に正式な降伏文書に調印したのか？", "path": "/ja/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/", "translationKey": "claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing", "summary": "いいえ。8月15日は降伏の発表とその知らせの伝達に対応する。日本代表が正式な降伏文書に調印したのは1945年9月2日であり、二つの日付は異なる段階を示す。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "裕仁天皇の降伏放送を聞いた後のグアムの日本軍捕虜の写真（内容説明による題名）", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C42914", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "naval-historical-collection-guam-pow-photo-P00444.098", "locator": "Accession P00444.098; web record C42914; Description: GUAM 1945-08-15; Naval Historical Collection", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "日本降伏を伝える特別版を読むラエのオーストラリア軍人の写真（内容説明による題名）", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C71477", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "dh-wilson-lae-victory-newspaper-photo-094950", "locator": "Accession 094950; web record C71477; Maker Wilson, D H; Date made 15 August 1945; Description", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Surrender of Japan (1945) — Instrument of Surrender", "url": "https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan", "publisher": "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration", "independenceKey": "japanese-instrument-of-surrender-1945-09-02", "locator": "NAID 1752336; Record Group 218, Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff; instrument pp. 1–2; web Transcript paragraphs 1–3 and signature blocks", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Tokyo surrender", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F01272", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "roy-driver-tokyo-surrender-actuality-film-F01272", "locator": "Accession F01272; Maker Driver, Roy; Date made 2 September 1945; Description opening sentence; film duration 7 min 46 sec (catalogue only, no verified timecode)", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "ja" ], "translationOf": "surrender-announcement-and-signing", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "claim": "日本は1945年8月15日に正式な降伏文書に調印したのか？", "claimContext": "日付を区別するために本プロジェクトが作成した設問。特定の人物や媒体の発言ではなく、この言説の流布の程度を判断するものでもない。", "verdict": "false", "body": "## 判定の根拠\n\nグアムの捕虜写真の解説は、1945年8月15日の昭和天皇による降伏の放送を聞いた後の場面としている。同日のラエで撮影された別の写真は、降伏を報じる特別版を読む人々を記録している。これらは知らせが当日伝わったことの根拠であり、正式な降伏文書への調印の根拠ではない。[出典1](#source-1)、[出典2](#source-2)\n\n米国国立公文書館が公開する降伏文書の署名欄には9月2日とあり、別の現場映像の所蔵記録も調印を同日としている。[出典3](#source-3)、[出典4](#source-4)\n\n## 検証の範囲\n\n検証の対象は正式な降伏文書の調印日だけである。8月の放送音声は確認しておらず、発言の引用や正確な放送時刻は示さない。二枚の写真の解釈は所蔵機関の解説による。各戦域の具体的な降伏手続きや戦闘停止の経過は対象外である。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/ja/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/" }, { "id": "ja/japan-surrender-1945", "collection": "facts", "title": "1945年9月2日：日本代表による降伏文書の調印", "path": "/ja/facts/japan-surrender-1945/", "translationKey": "facts/japan-surrender-1945", "summary": "1945年9月2日、日本代表は東京湾の戦艦ミズーリ上で降伏文書に調印した。この正式な調印と、8月15日の降伏の発表は区別する必要がある。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "Surrender of Japan (1945) — Instrument of Surrender", "url": "https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan", "publisher": "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration", "independenceKey": "japanese-instrument-of-surrender-1945-09-02", "locator": "NAID 1752336; Record Group 218, Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff; instrument pp. 1–2; web Transcript paragraphs 1–3 and signature blocks", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Tokyo surrender", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F01272", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "roy-driver-tokyo-surrender-actuality-film-F01272", "locator": "Accession F01272; Maker Driver, Roy; Date made 2 September 1945; Description opening sentence; film duration 7 min 46 sec (catalogue only, no verified timecode)", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "ja" ], "translationOf": "japan-surrender-1945", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "category": "event", "regions": [ "日本 · 東京湾" ], "dateStart": "1945-09-02", "body": "## 事実と根拠\n\n米国国立公文書館が公開する降伏文書の転記には、重光葵が天皇と日本政府を、梅津美治郎が大本営を代表して署名したことが記されている。文書はポツダム宣言を受諾し、大本営、日本の全軍隊および日本の支配下にある軍隊の無条件降伏を宣言するとともに、敵対行為の停止を命じている。[出典1](#source-1)\n\nオーストラリア戦争記念館に所蔵される Roy Driver 撮影の現場映像の解説も、ミズーリ上での調印日を1945年9月2日としている。降伏文書とは別の現場記録であり、本項目で確認したのは映像の所蔵記録である。[出典2](#source-2)\n\n## 範囲と限界\n\n調印と発表を同日の出来事として混同しないよう、[8月15日と9月2日の区別](/ja/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/)を参照されたい。\n文書の命令だけから、全戦域がその時点で従ったとは推定しない。また、降伏文書への調印と後の平和条約の発効を同一視しない。映像の全コマは検証していないため、時間コードや分単位の調印時刻は示さない。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/ja/facts/japan-surrender-1945/" }, { "id": "ja/nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "collection": "facts", "title": "南京大虐殺：民間人の殺害と略奪を記した文書", "path": "/ja/facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities/", "translationKey": "facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "summary": "1937年12月に日本軍が南京を占領した後、民間人に対する殺害と略奪が起きた。同時代文書と極東国際軍事裁判の判決にその記載がある。本項目は文書の記録を扱い、犠牲者総数を推計しない。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "Nanking Outrages, 10 January 1938", "url": "https://adhoc.yalepages.org/Media/PDFs/Nanking/NMP0113.pdf#page=1", "publisher": "Yale Divinity Library", "independenceKey": "nanking-outrages-1938-01-10-NMP0113", "locator": "NMP0113、PDF 1ページの民間人殺害と略奪に関する段落。目録は RG 10、Box 102、Folder 865。著者について目録と手書き注記に相違がある。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Judgment, International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Part B, Chapter VIII", "url": "https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/Judgment-IMTFE-Vol-II-PartB-cont/Judgment-IMTFE-Vol-II-PartB-cont.pdf#page=171", "publisher": "米国議会図書館（文書作成機関：極東国際軍事裁判所）", "independenceKey": "imtfe-judgment-1948-nanking", "locator": "1948年11月判決、The Rape of Nanking 節。紙面1011〜1012ページ、PDF 170〜171ページ。特に紙面1012ページの冒頭と末尾の段落。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "ja" ], "translationOf": "nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "category": "dossier", "regions": [ "中国 · 南京" ], "dateStart": "1937-12-13", "body": "## 事実と根拠\n\nイェール神学校図書館が所蔵する1938年1月10日付の文書 Nanking Outrages は、民間人の殺害と市内の住宅・商店の略奪を記している。事件の発生時期に作成された文書だが、観察、他者からの報告、推計が混在しており、すべての事例を執筆者自身の目撃として扱うことはできない。[出典1](#source-1)\n\n極東国際軍事裁判判決の南京に関する節は、1937年12月13日の日本軍入城を記し、紙面1012頁では男女や子どもの殺害と住宅・商業施設の略奪を述べている。これは戦後に形成された司法判断であり、同時代文書とは区別して示す。[出典2](#source-2)\n\n## 範囲と限界\n\n本項目は民間人の殺害と略奪に関する文献記録を確認するものであり、これらの資料に含まれる人数推計を採用しない。二つの文書は作成時期と目的が異なるが、判決が南京在住の外国人の証言を採用している可能性があるため、基礎資料が完全に重複しないとは断定できない。\n\nイェールの目録では NMP0113 が Bates の項目に置かれている一方、スキャン第1頁の手書き注記は Lewis C. Smythe への帰属を示す。著者は確定していないため、題名、日付、資料番号で文書を特定する。目録と画像の双方を独自に再確認できる。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/ja/facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities/" }, { "id": "ja/singapore-surrender-1942", "collection": "facts", "title": "1942年2月15日：シンガポール守備軍の降伏", "path": "/ja/facts/singapore-surrender-1942/", "translationKey": "facts/singapore-surrender-1942", "summary": "1942年2月15日、アーサー・パーシバルと山下奉文はシンガポールのフォード工場で降伏交渉を行った。現場写真と降伏交渉に使われた机の来歴記録が、場所と日付を裏付ける。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "シンガポールのフォード工場で降伏交渉を行うパーシバルと山下奉文の写真（内容説明による題名）", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C218441", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "singapore-ford-surrender-negotiation-photo-127903", "locator": "Accession 127903; web record C218441; Date made 15 February 1942; Description", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Surrender table : Ford Company of Malaya Ltd, Singapore", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RELAWM32783", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "ford-company-singapore-surrender-table-RELAWM32783", "locator": "Accession RELAWM32783; alias web record C149232; Description donation plaque; History / Summary final paragraphs; Ford donation November 1964", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "ja" ], "translationOf": "singapore-surrender-1942", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "category": "event", "regions": [ "シンガポール" ], "dateStart": "1942-02-15", "body": "## 事実と根拠\n\nオーストラリア戦争記念館の写真127903の解説は、フォード工場でパーシバルがシンガポール島の英国軍を山下奉文に無条件降伏させる場面とし、日付を1942年2月15日と記している。[出典1](#source-1)\n\n同館には降伏交渉の机 RELAWM32783 も所蔵されている。その解説は交渉と降伏文書の調印に使われた机であるとし、1964年のフォード社による寄贈を記録している。[出典2](#source-2)\n\n## 範囲と限界\n\n写真と家具は異なる種類の資料だが、日付、人物、用途の同定はいずれも所蔵機関の記述に依存する。机そのものから出来事の日付を読み取ることはできず、同じ機関の解説が相互に参照している可能性もある。本項目の確認は所蔵記録の水準にとどまり、実物鑑定や降伏文書全文の検証は行っていない。\n\nこれは1942年のシンガポール守備軍の日本軍に対する降伏であり、[1945年の日本の連合国に対する正式な降伏](/ja/facts/japan-surrender-1945/)とは別の出来事である。兵力、死傷者、捕虜の総数や正確な停戦時刻は示さない。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/ja/facts/singapore-surrender-1942/" }, { "id": "ja/murayama-statement-1995", "collection": "ledger", "title": "1995年8月15日：村山富市首相の戦後50年談話", "path": "/ja/ledger/murayama-statement-1995/", "translationKey": "ledger/murayama-statement-1995", "summary": "1995年8月15日、村山富市首相は戦後50年の談話で、日本の植民地支配と侵略による損害に対する反省とお詫びを表明した。本項目は談話の本文と後年の公式記録を扱う。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "村山内閣総理大臣談話「戦後50周年の終戦記念日にあたって」", "url": "https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/danwa/07/dmu_0815.html", "publisher": "日本国外務省", "independenceKey": "murayama-official-statement-1995", "locator": "冒頭の日付は平成7年8月15日。本文第5段落（「わが国は、遠くない過去の一時期」で始まる）。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "外交部副部长张志军就钓鱼岛问题举行中外媒体吹风会答问实录［張志軍外交副部長による釣魚島問題についての内外メディア向け会見記録：題名の日本語訳］", "url": "https://www.mfa.gov.cn/wjdt_674879/cfhsl_674891/201210/t20121027_7818140.shtml", "publisher": "中華人民共和国外交部", "independenceKey": "prc-mfa-briefing-note-2012-10-27", "locator": "ページの日付は2012年10月27日。末尾の注[1]「村山談話」。後年の公式説明であり、1995年当時の反応ではない。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "ja" ], "translationOf": "murayama-statement-1995", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "date": "1995-08-15", "actor": "村山富市（当時の日本国内閣総理大臣）", "kind": "apology", "body": "## 談話の内容\n\n日本外務省が保存する日本語原文の日付は1995年8月15日である。第5段落は、植民地支配と侵略が多くの国、特にアジア諸国の人々にもたらした損害と苦痛を認め、反省とお詫びを表明している。本項目はプロジェクトの中国語による要約を翻訳したものであり、談話原文の転載ではない。[出典1](#source-1)\n\n## 後年の公式記録\n\n中国外交部が2012年に公開した記者説明会の記録では、末尾の注[1]が談話の日付、発言者、反省と謝罪の内容を独自に説明している。日本語原文と照合して談話の存在と核心部分を確認できるが、1995年当時の反応ではない。[出典2](#source-2)\n\n## 範囲と限界\n\n本項目は公式本文と後年の記録を扱う。1995年当時の中国・韓国政府の応答原本は確認していない。日本の談話の各言語版は一つの出典系統として扱う。中国側の2012年の説明は別の政府が作成した記録だが、1995年の第二の目撃記録ではない。\n\n談話が存在することだけでは、被害者が受け入れたか、補償が完了したか、その後の政策が継承したかは立証できない。本項目はこれらを推論せず、すべての歴史問題が解決したとも述べない。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/ja/ledger/murayama-statement-1995/" }, { "id": "murayama-statement-1995", "collection": "ledger", "title": "1995年8月15日：村山富市发表战后50周年谈话", "path": "/ledger/murayama-statement-1995/", "translationKey": "ledger/murayama-statement-1995", "summary": "1995年8月15日，日本首相村山富市在战后50周年谈话中，就日本的殖民统治与侵略造成的损害表达反省和歉意；本条记录谈话文本及后来的官方记载。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "村山内閣総理大臣談話「戦後50周年の終戦記念日にあたって」", "url": "https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/danwa/07/dmu_0815.html", "publisher": "日本国外务省", "independenceKey": "murayama-official-statement-1995", "locator": "页首日期平成7年8月15日；正文第5段（自「わが国は、遠くない過去の一時期」起）。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "外交部副部长张志军就钓鱼岛问题举行中外媒体吹风会答问实录", "url": "https://www.mfa.gov.cn/wjdt_674879/cfhsl_674891/201210/t20121027_7818140.shtml", "publisher": "中华人民共和国外交部", "independenceKey": "prc-mfa-briefing-note-2012-10-27", "locator": "页面日期2012-10-27；正文末尾注[1]“村山谈话”，为后续官方说明而非1995年同期回应。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "zh-CN" ], "date": "1995-08-15", "actor": "村山富市（时任日本内阁总理大臣）", "kind": "apology", "body": "## 表态内容\n\n日本外务省保存的日文原文署日期1995年8月15日。正文第5段承认殖民统治和侵略给许多国家、尤其亚洲各国人民带来重大损害与痛苦，并表达反省与歉意。本文为中文转述，不作为官方中文译本。[出处1](#source-1)\n\n## 后续官方记载\n\n中国外交部于2012年发布的吹风会实录，其末尾注[1]独立介绍了该谈话的日期、发言者及反省道歉内容。它可与日方原文交叉核对谈话的存在和核心内容，但不属于1995年的同期回应。[出处2](#source-2)\n\n## 范围与限制\n\n本条仅记录这份官方文本及后续记载，未核验1995年中韩政府同期答问原件。日方谈话的不同语言版本合并为一个来源链；中方2012年说明是另一个政府形成的记录，但不是第二份1995年目击记录。\n\n谈话存在并不能单独证明受害者是否接受、赔偿是否完成或后来政策是否持续遵循。本文不对这些问题作推断，也不把此谈话概括为所有历史问题已经解决。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/ledger/murayama-statement-1995/" }, { "id": "zh-hant/surrender-announcement-and-signing", "collection": "claims", "title": "日本在1945年8月15日簽署了正式降書嗎？", "path": "/zh-hant/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/", "translationKey": "claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing", "summary": "不是。8月15日對應投降消息的公布與傳播；日本代表正式簽署降書的日期是1945年9月2日。兩個日期記錄不同環節。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "關島日軍戰俘聽到裕仁投降廣播後的照片", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C42914", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "naval-historical-collection-guam-pow-photo-P00444.098", "locator": "Accession P00444.098; web record C42914; Description: GUAM 1945-08-15; Naval Historical Collection", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "萊城澳軍人員閱讀日本投降消息特刊的照片", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C71477", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "dh-wilson-lae-victory-newspaper-photo-094950", "locator": "Accession 094950; web record C71477; Maker Wilson, D H; Date made 15 August 1945; Description", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Surrender of Japan (1945) — Instrument of Surrender", "url": "https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan", "publisher": "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration", "independenceKey": "japanese-instrument-of-surrender-1945-09-02", "locator": "NAID 1752336; Record Group 218, Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff; instrument pp. 1–2; web Transcript paragraphs 1–3 and signature blocks", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Tokyo surrender", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F01272", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "roy-driver-tokyo-surrender-actuality-film-F01272", "locator": "Accession F01272; Maker Driver, Roy; Date made 2 September 1945; Description opening sentence; film duration 7 min 46 sec (catalogue only, no verified timecode)", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "zh-Hant" ], "translationOf": "surrender-announcement-and-signing", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "claim": "日本在1945年8月15日簽署了正式降書嗎？", "claimContext": "本專案編輯擬定的日期辨析題，不歸屬於特定人物或媒體，也不據此判斷該說法的流傳程度。", "verdict": "false", "body": "## 判定依據\n\n關島戰俘照片的館藏說明將場景記為1945年8月15日聽到裕仁投降廣播之後；同日萊城的另一幅照片記錄澳軍人員閱讀投降消息特刊。兩件紀錄支持消息在當天傳播，不是正式降書簽署的證據。[出處1](#source-1)、[出處2](#source-2)\n\n美國國家檔案館公開降書的簽署欄註明9月2日；獨立現場影片的館藏說明也將簽署記為這一天。[出處3](#source-3)、[出處4](#source-4)\n\n## 核查邊界\n\n本題只核對「正式降書簽署日期」。本文未聽辨8月廣播原音，不引用廣播原句或精確播出時刻；兩地照片的含義依據館方說明。不同戰區的具體受降與停止作戰進程不在本題範圍內。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/zh-hant/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/" }, { "id": "zh-hant/japan-surrender-1945", "collection": "facts", "title": "1945年9月2日：日本正式簽署降書", "path": "/zh-hant/facts/japan-surrender-1945/", "translationKey": "facts/japan-surrender-1945", "summary": "1945年9月2日，日本代表在東京灣的密蘇里號上簽署降書；這一正式簽署事件與8月15日的投降消息公布應分別標註。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "Surrender of Japan (1945) — Instrument of Surrender", "url": "https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/surrender-of-japan", "publisher": "U.S. National Archives and Records Administration", "independenceKey": "japanese-instrument-of-surrender-1945-09-02", "locator": "NAID 1752336; Record Group 218, Records of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff; instrument pp. 1–2; web Transcript paragraphs 1–3 and signature blocks", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Tokyo surrender", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/F01272", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "roy-driver-tokyo-surrender-actuality-film-F01272", "locator": "Accession F01272; Maker Driver, Roy; Date made 2 September 1945; Description opening sentence; film duration 7 min 46 sec (catalogue only, no verified timecode)", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "zh-Hant" ], "translationOf": "japan-surrender-1945", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "category": "event", "regions": [ "日本 · 東京灣" ], "dateStart": "1945-09-02", "body": "## 事實與證據\n\n美國國家檔案館公開的降書轉錄記載，重光葵代表天皇及日本政府、梅津美治郎代表日本大本營簽字。文書接受《波茨坦公告》條款，宣布日本大本營及日本武裝力量、受日本控制的武裝力量無條件投降，並命令停止敵對行動。[出處1](#source-1)\n\n澳大利亞戰爭紀念館收藏的 Roy Driver 現場影片，其館藏說明將簽署日期記為1945年9月2日，地點為密蘇里號。這是獨立於降書文書的現場紀錄，本條核對的是影片館藏著錄。[出處2](#source-2)\n\n## 範圍與限制\n\n正式簽署不能與消息公布混寫為同一天，參見[8月15日與9月2日辨析](/zh-hant/claims/surrender-announcement-and-signing/)。\n本文不據文書命令推定所有戰區已同時停止行動，也不把簽署降書等同於後來和平條約生效。未逐格核驗影片，不提供儀式時間碼或精確簽署分鐘。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/zh-hant/facts/japan-surrender-1945/" }, { "id": "zh-hant/nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "collection": "facts", "title": "南京大屠殺：平民遇害與劫掠的文獻紀錄", "path": "/zh-hant/facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities/", "translationKey": "facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "summary": "日軍於1937年12月占領南京後發生了針對平民的殺害與劫掠；同時代文書與遠東國際軍事法庭判決均有相關記載。本條核對事件紀錄，不估算遇難總人數。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "Nanking Outrages, 10 January 1938", "url": "https://adhoc.yalepages.org/Media/PDFs/Nanking/NMP0113.pdf#page=1", "publisher": "Yale Divinity Library", "independenceKey": "nanking-outrages-1938-01-10-NMP0113", "locator": "NMP0113，PDF第1頁關於平民遇害和劫掠的段落；目錄定位 RG 10、Box 102、Folder 865；作者歸屬有目錄與手寫批註差異。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Judgment, International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Part B, Chapter VIII", "url": "https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llmlp/Judgment-IMTFE-Vol-II-PartB-cont/Judgment-IMTFE-Vol-II-PartB-cont.pdf#page=171", "publisher": "美國國會圖書館（文書形成機構：遠東國際軍事法庭）", "independenceKey": "imtfe-judgment-1948-nanking", "locator": "1948年11月判決，The Rape of Nanking 小節，紙面第1011—1012頁；PDF第170—171頁，重點為1012頁首段及末段。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "zh-Hant" ], "translationOf": "nanjing-civilian-atrocities", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "category": "dossier", "regions": [ "中國 · 南京" ], "dateStart": "1937-12-13", "body": "## 事實與證據\n\n耶魯神學院圖書館保存的1938年1月10日文書《Nanking Outrages》，記載平民遭殺害及城內房屋、商店遭劫掠。該材料形成於事件發生期間；文中同時包含觀察、他人報告和估計，不能把全部個案都歸為作者親眼所見。[出處1](#source-1)\n\n遠東國際軍事法庭判決的南京暴行小節記載，日軍於1937年12月13日進入南京；第1012頁記述對男女和兒童的殺害，以及對住宅和商業場所的劫掠。這是戰後法庭形成的判斷，應與同時代文書分別標註。[出處2](#source-2)\n\n## 範圍與限制\n\n本文只確認平民遇害與劫掠的文獻紀錄，不採用上述材料中的人數估計。兩份文書形成時間與用途不同，但判決可能採納在寧外國人士的證言，不能據此斷言其底層證據完全互不重合。\n\n耶魯目錄將 NMP0113 列在 Bates 項下，而掃描件第1頁的手寫歸屬提示為 Lewis C. Smythe。作者歸屬尚未釐清，因此本文以文獻題名、日期和館藏編號定位，不確定署名。目錄定位和掃描件均可繼續獨立複核。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/zh-hant/facts/nanjing-civilian-atrocities/" }, { "id": "zh-hant/singapore-surrender-1942", "collection": "facts", "title": "1942年2月15日：新加坡守軍投降", "path": "/zh-hant/facts/singapore-surrender-1942/", "translationKey": "facts/singapore-surrender-1942", "summary": "1942年2月15日，白思華與山下奉文在新加坡福特工廠進行投降交涉；現場照片與館藏投降桌的來源紀錄共同支持這一事件的地點與日期。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "新加坡福特工廠白思華與山下奉文投降交涉現場照片", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/C218441", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "singapore-ford-surrender-negotiation-photo-127903", "locator": "Accession 127903; web record C218441; Date made 15 February 1942; Description", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "Surrender table : Ford Company of Malaya Ltd, Singapore", "url": "https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RELAWM32783", "publisher": "Australian War Memorial", "independenceKey": "ford-company-singapore-surrender-table-RELAWM32783", "locator": "Accession RELAWM32783; alias web record C149232; Description donation plaque; History / Summary final paragraphs; Ford donation November 1964", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "zh-Hant" ], "translationOf": "singapore-surrender-1942", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "category": "event", "regions": [ "新加坡" ], "dateStart": "1942-02-15", "body": "## 事實與證據\n\n澳大利亞戰爭紀念館的照片127903，將場景著錄為白思華在福特工廠向山下奉文無條件交出新加坡島上英軍；照片日期標為1942年2月15日。[出處1](#source-1)\n\n該館另藏投降桌 RELAWM32783，說明記載該桌用於交涉及降書簽署，並記有福特公司於1964年捐贈的來源資訊。[出處2](#source-2)\n\n## 範圍與限制\n\n影像與家具是兩類見證材料，但日期、人物與物品用途均依賴館方著錄；桌子本身不能獨立讀出事件日期，同館說明的編寫也可能互相參考。本條核對到館藏紀錄層級，未進行實物鑑定或核驗降書全文。\n\n本事件為1942年新加坡守軍向日軍投降，不是[1945年日本向盟軍正式投降](/zh-hant/facts/japan-surrender-1945/)。本文不列兵力、傷亡或戰俘人數，也不推定精確停火時刻。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/zh-hant/facts/singapore-surrender-1942/" }, { "id": "zh-hant/murayama-statement-1995", "collection": "ledger", "title": "1995年8月15日：村山富市發表戰後50週年談話", "path": "/zh-hant/ledger/murayama-statement-1995/", "translationKey": "ledger/murayama-statement-1995", "summary": "1995年8月15日，日本首相村山富市在戰後50週年談話中，就日本的殖民統治與侵略造成的損害表達反省和歉意；本條記錄談話文本及後來的官方記載。", "published": "2026-09-06", "updated": "2026-09-06", "status": "published", "sources": [ { "title": "村山内閣総理大臣談話「戦後50周年の終戦記念日にあたって」", "url": "https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/danwa/07/dmu_0815.html", "publisher": "日本國外務省", "independenceKey": "murayama-official-statement-1995", "locator": "頁首日期平成7年8月15日；正文第5段（自「わが国は、遠くない過去の一時期」起）。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" }, { "title": "外交部副部长张志军就钓鱼岛问题举行中外媒体吹风会答问实录［題名原文保留］", "url": "https://www.mfa.gov.cn/wjdt_674879/cfhsl_674891/201210/t20121027_7818140.shtml", "publisher": "中華人民共和國外交部", "independenceKey": "prc-mfa-briefing-note-2012-10-27", "locator": "頁面日期2012-10-27；正文末尾註[1]「村山談話」，為後續官方說明而非1995年同期回應。", "accessed": "2026-09-06" } ], "languages": [ "zh-Hant" ], "translationOf": "murayama-statement-1995", "sourceUpdated": "2026-09-06", "date": "1995-08-15", "actor": "村山富市（時任日本內閣總理大臣）", "kind": "apology", "body": "## 談話內容\n\n日本外務省保存的日文原文署日期1995年8月15日。正文第5段承認殖民統治和侵略給許多國家、尤其亞洲各國人民帶來重大損害與痛苦，並表達反省與歉意。本文為中文轉述，並非官方中文譯本。[出處1](#source-1)\n\n## 後續官方記載\n\n中國外交部於2012年發布的記者說明會實錄，其末尾註[1]獨立介紹了該談話的日期、發言者及反省道歉內容。它可與日方原文交叉核對談話的存在和核心內容，但不屬於1995年的同期回應。[出處2](#source-2)\n\n## 範圍與限制\n\n本條僅記錄這份官方文本及後續記載，未核驗1995年中韓政府同期答問原件。日方談話的不同語言版本合併為一個來源鏈；中方2012年說明是另一個政府形成的紀錄，但不是第二份1995年目擊紀錄。\n\n談話存在並不能單獨證明受害者是否接受、賠償是否完成或後來政策是否持續遵循。本文不對這些問題作推斷，也不把此談話概括為所有歷史問題已經解決。", "url": "https://settledrecord.com/zh-hant/ledger/murayama-statement-1995/" } ] }